Car Stereo Modification Essays - Music Technology, Sound Recording

Vehicle Stereo Modification Essays - Music Technology, Sound Recording Vehicle Stereo Modification Vehicle Stereo Modification I had altered my vehicle sound system the principal day I got my new vehicle. Whats the explanation made me need to changed my vehicle sound system so seriously? I generally love to appreciate music particularly when theres nothing to do in the vehicle. Music appears to be progressively essential to me. Astounding nature of vehicle sound system fulfilled my pleasure in music. Ive directed a review to 20 Purdue University understudies. The review included open inquiry and short answer questions. The review is anything but difficult to reply and truly come out with some great data answers. I had comprehend about people groups disposition towards vehicles had altered vehicle sound system and how they need to get their vehicle changed on the off chance that they got opportunity to adjusted their vehicle. Ive additionally had a meeting with an expert vehicle sound system installer Mr. Liao by E-mail. Messaging meeting makes me sorted out the meeting answers simpler and make another arrang ement of inquiries to acquire data on vehicle sound system change. From meet with Mr. Liao, the feeling on vehicle sound system alteration could be instructed by an expert vehicle sound system installer. Ive likewise had an exploration on vehicle sound system alteration magazines, Car Stereo Pro and Sound Lab magazines. Ive see how to complete the best framework and how each piece of the framework would work the best from the occasionally article. To getting an adjusted vehicle sound system isn't for flaunt yet its for individual happiness. Anybody reserve the options to make some great memories cruising in their ride. Vehicle sound system adjustment might be reasonable for the vast majority who simply need to redesign their vehicle sound system to full fill their delight, however it would cost gigantic measure of cash to get the highest point of the line vehicle sound system alteration done. People groups assessment towards one who had a changed vehicle sound system and turn up upr oarious is irritating and silly. A great many people who had an adjusted vehicle sound system for the most part appreciates hip-jump music or techno music which required increasingly bass and stronger speaker to makes the melody sounds better. Reseller's exchange vehicle sound system likewise requires proficient custom establishment relies upon the model of the vehicle. I love to have a decent post-retail vehicle sound system in my vehicle. It is consistently a decent time in the vehicle when you have a great vehicle sound system. Vehicle sound system change is one of my interest that is the reason I might want to studied it. From the occasionally article research, review of vehicle sound system adjustment and meeting with proficient vehicle sound system installer. The data of vehicle sound system change is helpful and point by point. The examination on the intermittently article of the reseller's exchange vehicle sound system is assisting with picking up the essential data of secondary selling vehicle sound system. It clarifies the detail of each unique piece of the framework. This telling individuals that theres not just speakers and beneficiaries for vehicle sound system theres likewise have subwoofer for additional bass and enhancer for additional force flexibly. This gives the foundation data of what is reseller's exchange vehicle sound system and how can it work to have the effect to the stock vehicle sound system. Led a study is consistently the most ideal approach to hear the point of view from individuals. The review of twenty Purdue understudies nearby gives us the possibility of whats people groups think towards adjusted vehicle sound system. Despite the fact that, theres not that much survee possesses a vehicle but rather they give us the data of how they going to change their vehicle on the off chance that they really can make an adjustment of their vehicle sound system and whats their musings towards individuals own a sound system. As a rule, everybody appreciates music and wish to have a superior framework. From the aftereffect of the study, on the off chance that one really appreciates tuning in to music he ought to get the framework overhauled. Individuals thinks one who knocking their framework noisy is simply need to get people groups eyes. It isn't that much huge of an arrangement to fault on them they are just not many of them. I truly made some great memories from directed a meeting with Mr. Liao. Mr. Liao is an accomplished master in vehicle sound system alteration field. In the vehicle sound system alteration advertise, experience is

Divergent Evolution

Dissimilar Evolution The meaning of development is an adjustment in a populace of an animal groups after some time. There are a wide range of ways that development can occur in a populace including both counterfeit choice and characteristic choice. The developmental way an animal varieties takes can likewise contrast contingent upon nature and other organic elements. One of these ways of macroevolution is called disparate development. In dissimilar advancement, a solitary species interbreeds, either through normal methods or misleadingly picked characteristics and specific rearing, and afterward that species starts to expand and turn into an alternate animal groups. After some time as the two new various species keeps on advancing, they become less and less comparable. At the end of the day, they have veered. Different development is a kind of macroevolution that makes greater decent variety in species in the biosphere. Impetuses In some cases, dissimilar advancement happens through possibility happenings after some time. Different instances of disparate advancement become important for endurance in an evolving situation. A few conditions that can drive dissimilar advancement incorporate catastrophic events like volcanoes, climate wonders, the spread of infection, or a general environmental change in a region wherein the species lives. These progressions make it important for the species to adjust and change so as to endure. Regular determination will choose the attribute that is progressively gainful for the species endurance. Versatile Radiation The term versatile radiation is additionally once in a while utilized reciprocally with unique advancement. Nonetheless, most science course readings concur that versatile radiation is centered more around the microevolution of a quickly duplicating populace. Versatile radiation may prompt disparate development after some time as the new species become less comparative, or separate, in various headings on the tree of life. While it is a quick kind of speciation, dissimilar advancement for the most part takes additional time. When an animal types has separated through versatile radiation or another microevolutionary procedure, different development will happen all the more rapidly if there is a type of physical boundary or a regenerative or natural distinction that shields the populaces from interbreeding indeed. After some time, critical contrasts and adjustments can include and make it incomprehensible for the populaces to ever interbreed again. This might be brought about by an adjustment in chromosome number or as straightforward as contrary multiplication cycles. A case of versatile radiation that prompted different development is Charles Darwins finches. Despite the fact that their general appearances appeared to be comparable and were unmistakably relatives of a similar normal predecessor, they had diverse snout shapes and were not, at this point ready to interbreed in nature. This absence of interbreeding and the various specialties the finches had filled on the Galapagos Islands drove the populaces to turn out to be less and less comparative after some time. Forelimbs Maybe a much increasingly illustrative case of dissimilar advancement throughout the entire existence of life on Earth is the forelimbs of warm blooded creatures. Despite the fact that whales, felines, people, and bats all are totally different morphologically and in the specialties they fill in their surroundings, the bones of the forelimbs of these various species are an extraordinary case of unique advancement. Whales, felines, people, and bats unmistakably can't interbreed and are totally different species, however the comparative bone structure in the forelimbs demonstrate they once veered from a typical progenitor. Warm blooded animals are a case of unique development since they turned out to be different over a significant stretch of time, yet still hold comparative structures that show they are connected some place on the tree of life. The decent variety of species on Earth has expanded after some time, not including the periods throughout the entire existence of life where mass annihilations happened. This is, to a limited extent, an immediate consequence of versatile radiation and furthermore different development. Different development keeps on chipping away at the present species on Earth and prompting considerably more macroevolution and speciation.

Advantages and Disadvantages of Design Build Project Delivery Method Research Paper

Focal points and Disadvantages of Design Build Project Delivery Method - Research Paper Example It very well may be seen that convectional techniques for venture conveyance have offered approach to progressively innovative strategies, and this has been done as such to spare time, set aside cash, and to furnish an increasingly planned group approach with goal of decreasing case. Each task conveyance strategy has benefits just as its own constraints. Configuration assembled venture conveyance strategy comprises one of the advanced mainstream venture development strategies (Darren, Pramen, Fasce and Masce 579). The reason of this strategy is that the proprietor recruits one substance, which is a plan manufacturer, and this structure element turns into the sole supplier of both structure and development administrations (American Institute of Architects 504-505). In this manner, the financing of the venture remains the obligation of the proprietor. All the more in this way, this technique requires an unmistakably characterized extent of work which now and again may establish existin g model structure, while additionally guaranteeing cost responsibility is made from the get-go in the plan procedure. Focal points In an examination completed by Roth (1995) including six plan assemble (DB) ventures for Navy childcare offices built through MILCON process, the creator set up that utilization of DB altogether diminished expenses explicitly those related with structure and development (Darren, Pramen, Fasce and Masce p.580). ... The general finish of the creator was that, having basic aptitudes of undertaking the executives with respect to extend chiefs combined with understanding of temporary worker prompted more prominent outcomes on the exhibition of the task than contrasted with venture conveyance technique. Simultaneously, examines have been done to build up the relative time DB ventures take when contrasted with DBB, and end determined is that time can be spared by utilizing DB venture conveyance technique (Darren, Pramen, Fasce and Masce p.580). Assessment of studies demonstrate that various techniques were utilized and multivariate models were utilized with assessment of unit cost, development speed, conveyance speed, cost development and calendar development, and in every one of these angles DB performed better that DBB . Doing comparable examinations Molenaar et al. (1999) utilized DB venture conveyance technique and broke down 104 open segment configuration/fabricate ventures (Darren, Pramen, Fasc e and Masce p.580). Toward the finish of the investigation, the creators determined that DB ventures performed better as far as cost, time and quality, despite the fact that the examination didn't contrast these discoveries with some other undertaking conveyance strategy. Warne (2005) then again required extraordinary exertion to look into, and distributed a report concerning execution appraisal of DB contracting for expressway ventures. Doing concentrate on 21 undertakings the nation over, the creator set up that DB ventures would do well to value assurance and furthermore greater part of DB ventures were finished a head of timetable (Darren, Pramen, Fasce and Masce p.580). Government Highway Administration (FHwA) in 2006 did a correlation venture execution of DB parkway ventures against those of DBB expressway undertakings and results demonstrated that DB ventures had greater expense development however lower plan development when

Professional Research Papers

Professional Research PapersIn the research paper, or the writing of an academic dissertation, the use of a quality research material, such as professional research papers, in the submission of an abstract or an essay for the acceptance of the research paper, is necessary. These papers, which are available to the scholars in the market, can greatly help the submission of a fresh research paper. Thus, it is crucial to submit them with the project in hand.A scientific paper is not an easy task to handle. Although there are numerous articles that you can publish, but sometimes it is necessary to make them stand out from the rest and provide a compelling reason for the submission of the research paper. Professional research papers, including the research papers that are used in the submission of the abstract or the essay for the acceptance of the research paper, are important and necessary.The submission of a study or the submissions of research papers is not an easy task, because field authorities or the committee that selected the study, give a lot of importance to the submission of a decent research paper. The qualification or the studying of any kind of a subject has so much value in the eyes of the authorities or the committee that will assess the submission of the research paper. Thus, the quality of the research paper is also very important. The professional research papers that are used in the submission of the abstract or the essay for the acceptance of the research paper are very much necessary.If you know that your research paper is being reviewed by a committee, then it will definitely be your responsibility to produce the right kind of research papers. If you do not know how to make a research paper good, then do not despair as the objective of this article is to help you make the research paper good.Many research papers are produced every year, but not every of them will be considered for the development of a new branch of science or an improvement of a particular method of studying any field. So, if you know that you are writing a research paper for submission to a committee, then you can give the best kind of your paper that will help you gain the attention of the committee. The quality of the paper is also very important and is dependent on how you are preparing the paper.The research paper that you will submit will be submitted to a committee, for the development of a new branch of science or an improvement of a method of studying a particular field. Therefore, the preparation of the research paper is the first thing that you should think about.The professional research papers that are used in the submission of the abstract or the essay for the acceptance of the research paper, which can be found in the market, are very much necessary. The quality of the paper is also very important and is dependent on how you are preparing the paper. If you have a good opportunity to make the research paper good, then it will definitely be the right time to do so. The proper preparation of the research paper is also very much important and it is imperative that you ensure the quality of the preparation.

The Matter Of Foreign Aid - 1721 Words

The matter of foreign aid is complicated. Through our own policies, the policies of international organizations, and assorted agreements with numerous countries, our role in foreign aid has continued to change over the decades to meet the growing needs of the developing and developed worlds. While we try to aid the developing world to the extent of our capabilities, there are several elements to consider – some of which in the past have often been neglected. When providing aid to countries in need, we fund programs through both Official Development Assistance, hereafter referred to as ODA, and through the financial support of private donors. We rely heavily on partnerships with non-governmental organizations, NGOs, to execute many of our funded programs in other countries, as well as our own agencies such as the Peace Corps. This brief will further explain the general reasoning for and operations of foreign aid, as well as provide you with some past practices of foreign aid wh ich will serve as models of what to do, or in some instances, what not to do, in the future. Foreign aid has not been a formal element of our budget for too long; in fact it’s only been policy and budgeted for just over half a century. This is not to say prior to the 1940s there was no international aid-type involvement; it was just in other conventions and for other purposes. For example, there was humanitarian relief in some European countries, private investment in French and British colonies, andShow MoreRelatedAfghanistan Is A Developing Country1468 Words   |  6 Pagesacademies. They are International Monetary Funds, Asian Development Banks and World Banks. The topic effect of war and peace on the foreign aid and will include foreign aid provided to Afghanistan along with the uses of foreign aid by the administration of the country as well as foreign aid and poverty in Afghanistan. Foreign aid to Afghanistan Afghanistan is utilizing foreign aid since its independence because the country was extremely poor at that time (Blanchard, 2009). There were neither reserves norRead MoreForeign Aid Essay620 Words   |  3 PagesForeign Aid Foreign Aid, charity, development assistance†¦whatever you call it, it has become a global activity. The assistance is delivered by various means: government-to-government, pooled multilaterally or channeled Read MoreThe Effect of War and Peace on Foreign Aid Essay1520 Words   |  7 PagesThe Effect of War and Peace on Foreign Aid Dr. Toi Dennis Elaine Stewart SOC 300: Sociology of Developing Countries May 4, 2014 Introduction Afghanistan is a developing country; the country faced many difficulties soon after its independence. They faced difficulties in the development of their constitution and regulations. The selection of a leader was an issue and the first major task was to prepare a military for theRead MoreDeveloping Countries Supporting Afghanistan As A Developing Country1442 Words   |  6 Pagesacademies. They are International Monetary Funds, Asian Development Banks and World Banks. The topic effect of war and peace on the foreign aid and will include foreign aid provided to Afghanistan along with the uses of foreign aid by the administration of the country as well as foreign aid and poverty in Afghanistan. Foreign aid to Afghanistan Afghanistan is utilizing foreign aid since its independence because the country was extremely poor at that time. There were neither reserves nor military; thereRead MoreForeign Assistance For Foreign Aid1523 Words   |  7 PagesAlthough foreign aid has been going on for hundreds of years, it still remains a controversial topic. Many people have debated whether or not it actually either helps or harms nations. Foreign aid can help undeveloped states by providing education and health care. However, a drawback to foreign aid is that it can cause countries to become dependent and lead to corruption. Foreign aid is effective when countries don t try to use foreign aid for their own benefit and when coordination and accountabilityRead MoreAustralia Essay1193 Words   |  5 Pageskey national interest of Australia is the economy. Australia’s capital, jobs, standards of living, technological innovations and social advances rely substantially on exports and commodity values within S outheast Asia and the Pacific (Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade 2016a). The stability of South East Asia and the Oceania enables prevention against illegal activities and supports social cohesion for Australia nationally and internationally. It is also the basis for prosperity and is a resourcefulRead MoreAdvantages and Disadvantages Giving Aid1521 Words   |  7 Pagesto (Andrew Page, 2005) Foreign Aid or Official Development Assistance (ODA) is a transfer of resources on concessional terms which are undertaken by official agencies. Mostly, the countries that receive foreign aid are usually developing countries. Poverty is the main focus of giving the foreign aid. This situation always happened to many countries due to the conditions where the people live and from that it will show the quality of living is poor among the people. Foreign aid is given to poor countriesRead MoreThe U.s. National Debt1129 Words   |  5 Pageshas changed a lot since the 1830’s, the meth ods used during that period can no longer be the solution in 2015 because there are just too many factors that must be considered. The size and the population of the country have changed dramatically, foreign relationships are far more complicated and broader, and people’s expectations of the government are different. The three largest budget items include Medicare/Medicaid, Social Security, and defense (1). It is hard to reduce any of them without protestsRead MoreFederal Budget Deficit1343 Words   |  6 Pagesrun instead of the potential losses that immediately followed. Many skeptics challenge the reasoning for investing so much money into helping so many other countries when that money could instead help us improve internal affairs. After all, foreign aid spending has increased to $50 billion a year today, which could be put towards funding education to ensure that more kids go to college and possibly affecting the innovation of the future(Morris). Giving more than you receive is nice, but when itRead MoreA Brief Note On The Country Of Ghana1570 Words   |  7 Pageswith poor fiscal policies that have placed the government into deep debt and caused extensive depreciation of their currency. Other economic issues that Ghana faces due to large amounts of foreign aid are inflation and Dutch disease. Their Central Bank has been unable to efficiently regulate the flow for aid to the country, which results in uncontrolled inflation. Dutch disease has been an issue for them due to the market for oil that began expanding in 2010. Their poor infrastruc ture and the

The Invisible Woman Female Directors in Hollywood

Film scholar Louis Gianetti says, â€Å"In the field of cinema, the achievement of the Women’s Movement [of the 1960’s] has been considerable, though most present-day feminists would insist that there is still much to be accomplished in the battle against patriarchal values† (428). Gianetti’s words are an understatement. Women in Hollywood are underrated, underrepresented, and generally shoved into the background of the film industry. However, with film becoming one of the most pervasive and influential art forms of the 21st century, women’s leadership in the film industry is vital not only to the feminist movement, but to the perception of the modern female overall. With the advent of the internet, digital media and film have become much†¦show more content†¦It seems that women are routinely kicked out of the director’s chair in favor of a male contemporary. For example, Pixar Animation Studios (famously producing such films as Toy Story, and Wall-E), notorious for its conspicuously male-centric films and its exclusively male directors, is currently producing its first female-centric film, Brave. Appropriately enough, they hired Brenda Chapman, director of the widely acclaimed Prince of Egypt, to direct the film. Chapman and Pixar parted ways over a year ago after citing â€Å"creative differences† and Pixar quickly replaced their lost female director with Mark Andrews whose directing resume only includes short films (LA Times). Of the 14 feature-length films Pixar Animation Studios has produced, Brave is the only film to have contributions by a female director. Another recent example is Catherine Hardwicke, the direct or of teen girl mega-hit Twilight. Hardwicke was fired by Summit Entertainment and replaced by a male director for the film’s sequel, New Moon, despite the fact that she directed Twilight into a successful, profitable film franchise (Deadline). Hardwicke has only directed one film since 2008’s Twilight. According to a study by the Center for the Study of Women in Television and Film, only female directors only made up 5% of directors in the 250 highest-grossing films, which isShow MoreRelatedGender Inequality : Gender Pay Gap975 Words   |  4 PagesThe gender pay gap in Hollywood The gender pay gap is the difference in pay earned by men and the pay earned by women.( Pay Equity Commission, 2012). There are various ways in measuring the pay gap between genders, such as full- time or full- year wage. Statistics Canada data ( 2012) displayed that the gender pay gap in Ontario was 26% for full- time and full- year employments, which means for every C$1 earned by a man, a woman earned 74 cents( Pay Equity Commission,2012).The pay gap has been narrowingRead MoreEssay about Hollywoods Take on the Civil War1911 Words   |  8 Pagesbackground music and extravagant acting. Rather than categorizing Gone with The Wind as a civil war film, it is evident that the motion picture belongs in the drama/ romance genre. Predominantly, Gone with the Wind focuses on the life of a southern female woman. The American Civil War is merely discussed when the war affects her personal life. Released in 1915, Birth of a Nation became America’s first full length film. The three hour silent movie reflected on two families, one from the south and oneRead MoreGender Roles Of The American Film And Television Industry3106 Words   |  13 Pagesroles are based on standards expected of males and females. Men are considered to be financial providers, career motivated and aggressive. Whereas women have been represented as low position workers, loving wives and mothers. Despite television programs and films that attempt to promote positive concepts about gender, male superiority over women is still a reoccurring theme. Television programs and films are continuing to reinforce the image of female inferiority. The oppressive representation of womenRead MoreEssay on Construction of Characters2044 Words   |  9 Pages we have to select an era in which such values were present by default. At the same time this new time frame must be familiar to us in the historical sense so that we easily make our connections to the events which occurred during that time. The director chose Britain in the 1930s. The similarities are almost eerie. The underlying social unrest of the depression times between the two Great Wars must have been identical to what the people of post-War of the Roses era were going through. The heatedRead MoreBond Movies: Tracing the Cinematic Changes from Doctor No to Quantum of Solace2374 Words   |  10 Pagesbefore the end credits. Doctor No, as we already mentioned was the first Bond Movie to be on the cinemas. Since the Bond novels were majorly for â€Å"male fantasy† the directors had to tone down the nudity as in the book for the censorship reasons. But since the Bond books are about the beautiful, glazing skin of the Bond girl the directors always filmed a scene or two where the Bond girl would be required to strip as script demanded it. In Casino Royale (2006) however Bond was for the first time shotRead More Racism: A Historical and Social Construct in America Essay2951 Words   |  12 Pagescovert role; it plays a crucial and obvious role. In â€Å"Film Shows Students Battle Racism for Mixed Prom†, Michelle Nichols stated, â€Å"As Barack Obama campaigned to become the first black U.S. President, teenagers in the small Mississippi hometown of Hollywood star Morgan Freeman battled racism to hold their high school’s first integrated prom.† The assumption that racism no longer exists is false. Racism still exists to the highest degree. Even in the 21st century, prom -- an annual dance for graduatingRead More Gender Dichotomies on MTV Essay4969 Words   |  20 Pagesperformer or extra in a music video worthless aside from his or her sexual appeal. Please note that I did say his or her, but by the end of my paper you will know that, statistically, the overwhelming number of individuals whom are sexualized are female. I believe something needs to be done to stop this, but others do not perceive these sexual video images as a threat. These people seem to discount such displays as rock-n-roll culture and believe that people are wasting their time overanalyzingRead MoreEssay about Gendered Media9688 Words   |  39 Pagesof which perpetuate unrealistic, stereotypical, and limiting perceptions. Three themes describe how media represent gender. First, women are underrepresented, which falsely implies that men are the cultural standard and women are unimportant or invisible. Second, men and women are portrayed in stereotypical ways that reflect and sustain socially endorsed views of gender. Third, depictions of relationships between men and women emphasize traditional roles and normalize violence against women. We willRead MoreLangston Hughes Research Paper25309 Words   |  102 Pagesno interest in becoming a resident of Mexico. When he confessed his ambition to become a writer, Jim ridiculed the idea. To prove his father wrong, Langston wrote Mother to Son, and Aunt Sues Stories. The speaker in both poems is a strong woman, who comforts and encourages a black child. In September 1920, he sent them to Brownies Book, a magazine for black children and a sister publication to Crisis. Both journals were edited by Jessie Fauset, who accepted Langstons poems. Later, LangstonRead MoreStylistic Potential of the English Noun16714 Words   |  67 Pagesgender1 that stipulates the sex of the referent or its lack of it. So all the nouns can be subdivided into three classes according to their lexical meaning: masculine (referred to as he) – names of male beings, feminine (referred to as she) – names of female beings, neuter (referred to as it) – names of lifeless things and abstract notions2: Masculine: father, brother, boy Feminine: mother, girl, sister Neuter: computer, lamp, beauty, friendship Now let us consider another point of

Contemporary Health Promotion in Nursing Practice †Free Samples

Question: Discuss about the Contemporary Health Promotion in Nursing Practice. Answer: Introduction Nursing in a broader sense deals with the protection promotion and the optimization of the health. It involves the preventive activities relating to illnesses and injuries suffered by a person. The nursing is the management of the health issues in a way, which facilitates healing, and recovery of the illness and the problems relating to the health faced by the people. Globalization has posed a major threat to the lives of the people and therefore nursing practices had to undergo certain changes in this century. It involves the management of the health issues faced by the individuals, families and communities. The practices help in making the life of the individuals sustainable through the continuous efforts and care. In this context, nursing is being judged based on the models and theorems that are being proposed for the better functioning of the practices. The practices are being formulated as per the requirements of the society and thereby it helps in determining the major functions undertaken by the nurses (McCormack, Manley and Titchen 2013). The applicability of the services as per the requirements of the models is based on the common criteria of the requirements of the clients. The requirements of the clients and the health issues faced by the people influences the approach that is being undertaken by the nurses. in order to adhere to the interests of the clients, the nurses are required to adhere to the models that will be enumerated in the report (Alligood 2013). The Systems model of Neuman provides a system based approach to nursing which includes flexibility in its operations. The flexibility of the nursing activities helps in undertaking the efficient course of action. It helps the ind ividuals in undertaking the best possible practice based on the requirements of the health care (Im and Ju Chang 2012). It inhibits the primary secondary and the tertiary nursing practices based on the maintenance of the patient. On the other hand, Self-care deficit theory of nursing prepared by Orem is based on the concept of developing the nursing practices and monitoring over the quality of the services that are being delivered by the nurses on the same. The most important consideration undertaken by the model is based on the wide range of requirements of the patients (Masters 2014). It stresses more on the quality of the services rendered by the nurses. The wide acceptance of the theory makes it more convenient to adopt in the circumstances of the crisis. The discussion aims at understanding the theories and the manner in which are applied on the issues in order to solve them. The most important consideration that is being undertaken while evaluating the principles is based on the criteria of the outcomes of the practices. The practices help in sustaining the life of the patients (Smith and Parker 2015). Determining the needs of the patients and application of the theories based on the requirements is the important decision that the nurses are required to take. The diversity in the modern world have resulted to several health related issues (Masters 2015). Nursing helps in enumerating the issues and solve them according to the requirements of the health care needs of the patients. The purpose of undertaking this discussion is to underline the important limitations and benefits of the theories and the applicability of the theories in the health related problems faced by the patients. The discussion also includes a case study, which enu merates the credentials of the theories, and the models involved in nursing. Theories of Nursing The models that are being enumerated are based on the practices that are being undertaken in order to resolve the health related issues of the patients. The management of the issues is being based on the principles of nursing (Rich 2013). The aim of the theories and the models is to enhance the effectiveness of the actions taken by the individuals based on the health related requirements of the patients. The basics of nursing is based on the principles that are being enumerated by Orem and Neuman in addition to the classic principles formulated by Nightingale. The transition of the principles took place based on the requirements of the circumstances that are being faced by the people at that time. The most interesting fact is that the models and theories are still applicable, even in this modernized world (Alligood 2014). There might be certain modifications in the practices undertaken then and now, but the basics remained the same. This section of the discussion will be focusing on the principles and theories of nursing that are being enumerated in order to make the nursing services more efficient. The discussion will also include the limitations and the benefits of the applicability of the theories and enumerate the circumstances at which they are better applicable. The major assumptions of Orems self-care deficit theory are based on the responsibility of the patient and the family members other than the healthcare professionals. It includes communication as nursing is a practice based on the interaction between the patient and the nurse. The patient communicates the issues to the nurse, and the nurse communicates to the patient on the problems faced by the patient. It is a profession, which requires integration between the nurse and the patient. The theory by Orem comprises of three interrelated parts, which helps in the understanding of the health related issues faced by the people. The theory of self-care, the theory of self-care deficit and the theory of nursing system are the parts on which the theory proposed by Orem is established (Grove, Burns and Gray 2012). According to the self-care system, Orem outlined the essentials for the individuals to undertake the care for their own self (Refer to Appendice 1). Therefore, self-care is the firs t step to nursing. It includes the individuals own needs care for the self. On the other hand, the self-care deficit theory enumerates the ways in which the actions of the nurses are required. This happens when an adult is incapable to take care of the issues faced by the person. The issues might be due to the inefficiency of the person or the nature of illness. The continuous maintenance of the issues are being undertaken through the principles as the nurse takes up the responsibility of adhering to the health related requirements of the individual. The nursing systems underlined by Orem helps in understanding the procedures of the nursing practices where the actions of the nurse are being defined based on the varied requirements of the patients (Cherry and Jacob 2016). The theory proposed by Orem gives a totality to the profession of nursing. It provides the very pathway for undertaking the actions in order to sustain the life of the patient at the time of the individuals incapabi lity. On the other hand, the system model proposed by Neuman helps in understanding the effectiveness of the precautionary actions in nursing. It is a holistic approach to nursing which not only deals with the body of the organism but also the mind and the spirit (Papathanasiou, Sklavou and Kourkouta 2013). It believes in the integrated functioning of the body mind and the spirit for keeping a person healthy. It regards the stressors and the stress response factors as the only reason for an individuals illness (Lachman 2012). Therefore, it supports the views of preventing the stress factors to affect the patient by changing the environment and the habits of the patient (Refer to Appendice 2). The major consideration undertaken by this approach is based on the environment- both internal and the external sources in order to determine the well living of the individual. The basic consideration undertaken by the concept is based on the requirements of the patient as to the type of approach bein g chosen. The nurses are required to stress more on the environmental stressors that surrounds the individuals (Barker 2012). It helps in determining the changes that the nurse might undertake in order to prevent the stressors from affecting the patients livelihood. The System model is being balanced with the wellness of the person. The patients system moves towards the unrequited end when there is an energy lag and a lack of the life force. On the other hand, the excess of the life force helps the individuals to live the life. The approaches that are being discussed in this section have its individual strengths and weaknesses, which determine the applicability of the theories on the patients life. The most important consideration undertaken by the nurse is based on the requirement of the patient and the applicability of the theories in practice (Townsend 2014). The nursing practices undertaken by the nurses help in recovering the patient to the natural environment and recovery from the illness or the disorder that the patient is facing. Based on the requirements of the disease the nurse inculcates the theories and thereby helps in making significant progress in the life of the patient. The theories help in determining the duties of the nurse in dealing with the incapability of the patient (Reed and Shearer 2012). The other aspects undertaken by the nurse is based on the objectives of nursing. Nursing includes supporting the patient in the individuals inabilities. According to Orems theory, the three parts help in determining the functions of the nurse in dealing with the problem faced by the patient. The self-care helps in maintaining a continuous health care of the individual. The individuals in order to keep themselves fit and active undertake it. On the other hand, the self-care deficit theory determines the circumstances where the patient is incapable to take care of the individual and the intervention of the nurse into the process is craved (Rice 2012). The last part of the theory deals with the responsibilities of the nurse in order to deal with the issues faced by the patient. The most important part to be enumerated in this context is based on the patients requirements of treating the incapability. The theory helps in determining the wholeness of the nursing care and the duties of the nurses are therefore enumerated in this context (Stanhope and Lancaster 2013). On the other hand, the theory proposed by Neuman is based on the holistic approach of the nursing. It helps in undertaking the activities that determine the efficient care undertaken in order to cure the patient of the issues faced relating to the mind, spirit and body. The theory believes in the environmental circumstances that affects the health of the individuals. The individuals health is dependent on the factors of the stressors that are present in the environment. Certain situations that put a stress on the human brain can be harmful for the body, mind and the spirit of the person (Raingruber 2016). Therefore, the principle of this theory is based on removing the stressors from the environment in order to cure the person of the inabilities. The most important consideration undertaken by the theory is based on the holistic approach that is being identified with the concept. It helps in judging the situation of the patients and thereby helps in avoiding the stressful situations. In the modern days, the therapists and the psychologists are using this approach in order to implement the wholeness of the actions taken. The theories that are being enumerated ion the above discussions helps in determining the most feasible and effective approach of nursing (McCabe and Timmins 2013). In the modern days, both of the concepts are applicable based on the requirements of the patients. The wholeness of the theories overlaps one on another in order to make use of the situations. The most applicable theory of the modern day is based on the wholeness of the practices, which is identified by the model of Orem. It helps in undertaking the events to minute concepts and thereby helps in making the improvements in the life of the patients. It also helps the nurse by enumerating the functions in an emergency. The case opens with the appointment of a home care nurse for an elderly woman, named Jessica, who is suffering from the pains of osteoarthritis. The nurse is supposed to assist the lady and make improvements in the style of living in order to cure her of the painful situation. At the first step, the nurse undertakes a communication with the woman, which helped the nurse in understanding the situation of the woman and the amount of pain she is into (Scribd.com 2017). The steps taken by the nurse will be based on the theory of Orem, which enumerates and defines the functions that the nurse might undertake in order to rehabilitate the woman to her previous state. The applicability of the theory helped the nurse in understanding the situation and thereby frames the course of action that are required to be undertaken. The woman is suffering from the joint pains that seemed to cease her actions for the days and is slowing her down. She is facing a depression due to her incapability and the refore the nursing is required as the self-care practices cannot be undertaken by the woman. The steps taken by the nurse will be based on the requirements of the patient, and the kind of attention required by the inability faced by the patient. The course of action undertaken by the nurse cannot be holistic and therefore only by meagerly changing the environment or the removal of the stressors from the environment would not be working for the patient. The nurse therefore chooses the Orems theory over Neumans in order to attend the needs of the patient. The steps taken by the nurse in enhancing the condition of the patient is based on the methods enumerated by the theory proposed by Orem, which states the responsibilities of a nurse to act or serve for the patient and thereby make the patient aware of the steps that would be reducing the pain (Alligood, Wood and Alligood 2013). The information that is being transmitted by the nurse will be helping the patient to cope up with the similar situations in the future. According to the ethics, the nurse must undertake steps in order to improve the environment. The environment is just a factor under nursing that must be undertaken by the nurse for the fast recovery of the patient. As the case suggests the requirements of the client is based on the disability faced by the patient and therefore the theory enumerates the action of the nurse as a therapist for the patient. The action of the nurse in this context will be based on the requirements of the patient in order to cope up with the pain faced by the patient. Reducing the pain that is suffered by the patient will be helpful in this context. Therefore, the nurse is required to bring about a change in the process in order to make the patient feel better. Moreover, the pain suffered by the patient is based on the depletion of the cartilage that can be enhanced through physiotherapy and a healthy diet (Howatson-Jones 2016). The actions that are being enumerated by the nurse is based on the theory that is being followed in order to adhere to the attention that is required by the client. The holistic approach that is being suggested by Neuman would not work with the present scenario as the change of the environment cannot bring in much change in the patients life or the pain suffered by the patient (Alligood 2013). It might distract the patients attention for an amount of time but it cannot be used as a remedy for the problem faced by the client. The most important step that is being undertaken by the nurse is based on the assumptions of the change./ the change that is being brought in the life of the patient is based on the food habits and the proper exercises that are being enumerated by the nurse to cure the patient. The practices undertaken by the nurse is believed to help the patient with the incapability and make the patient aware of the problems and the remedies in order to ensure the future capabilities of the patient to take care of herself. The nurse ensures that the patient is aware of the necessities to adjust herself to the pain and thereby take steps in order to reduce the pain through several activities. Te nurse is required to motivate the patient in order to make her adjusted with the issue faced by the client. Primary Osteoarthritis affects the livelihood of women after the age of 65, and the client being elder must be motivated. The nurse keeps a record of the issues faced by the client and the activities that the patient undertakes after the completion of which she faces the fatigue. The major function undertaken by the nurse is advised by the theory, which enumerates a long lasting solution to the issues that are being faced by the patient. The most common factor that is being r aised by the client might be due to the ineffectiveness of the strategies undertaken by the nurse on the pain that is subduing the activities. The problems faced by the patient based on the inabilities helps in understanding the requirements of the patient to be recovered. The practices that are being undertaken by the nurse, which helps in the reduction of the pain experienced by the patient. The patient experiences the pain, which is again based on the criteria of the disease that is being faced by the patient. The theory defines the job of the nurse as a therapist in order to reduce the suffering of the patient through the activities and the physical exercises that the patient is required to undertake. However, the patient being an elderly woman cannot fully undertake the activities that are required to be undertaken in order to reduce the pain. The reduction of the pain therefore, can be undertaken through the proper diet and the physiotherapy that the nurse is required to deliver. The strategies enumerated by the nurse in this context will be based on the inability of the patient to take care of the suffering. The proper communication of the issues faced by the patient and the proper implementation of the strategies enumerated by the nurse helped in reducing the pain of the patient finally. The applicability of the theory proposed by Orem in this case proved to have a valuable outcome with the reduction of suffering of the patient (Sargent 2012). The steps that are being undertaken by the nurse are based on the requirements of the patient in order to deal with the sufferings. The primary osteoarthritis faced by the patient reflects upon the steps that are being enumerated by the nurse. The theory by Orem has helped in adhering to the correct needs of the patient and thereby helped the nurse in identifying the required steps to deal with the issue. The nurse helps the patient in identifying the probable causes for the suffering and ratifies the patient needs as to the issues that the patient might face while undertaking the self-care activities in future (Chadwick and Gallagher 2016). The nurse is supposed to motivate the patient to take rest after the completion of the activities and the engagements of the patient in various activities and exercises that might help the patient in reducing the pain. The nurse is also supposed to help the patient with the usage of the non-pharmacological instruments through demonstrations, which will be facilitating the self-care addressed by the theory proposed by Orem (Joel 2017). The most important consideration undertaken by the family mates of the patient is to help the patient in undertaking the activities in the absence of the nurse. Therefore, the nurse might demonstrate the activities to the family members in order to make sure that the family members are monitoring over the exercises of the patient (Kaakinen et al. 2014). The medication of the patient is again an important step that the nurse must undertake in order to relieve the patient of the sudden rise of the pain. The self-care and the self-care deficit theory enumerated by Orem help in the understanding and the functioning of the nursing in both ends (McCrae 2012). Nursing is a two way process where the patient is required to cooperate with the nurs e. In this context, the cooperation of the patient is an important consideration in order to make the nurse aware of the issues faced by the patient. Conclusion Therefore, from the above discussion of the theories that are being enumerated in nursing practices it can be stated that the relevant actions that are being designed by the nurses is based on the healthcare needs of the individuals. The theories state the observance of the actions undertaken by the nurse in order to deal with the issues faced by the patients relating to healthcare. The assistance of the healthcare professionals helps in assessing the required point of action. The theory proposed by Orem helps in enumerating steps in order to cure the patient of the disabilities that are being faced. The most important consideration undertaken by the theory is based on the requirements of the patient based on the disability faced by the patient. On the other hand, the theory proposed by Neuman helps in determining the environment, which has caused the patients disability and the removal of the stressors in order to ring improvements in the life of the patient. It is useful while cons idering the mental and the psychological limitations that are being faced by the patient. The most important consideration undertaken by the theory is based on the requirements of the patient and the type of recovery program that the disease requires. The research of the theories are being supported by a case study which deals with the pains of a elderly woman suffering from osteoarthritis and the application of the theories of nursing in order to deal with the pain. The discussion helps in the understanding of the theories and their application in the profession. References Alligood, M.R., 2013. Introduction to nursing theory: its history, significance, and analysis.Nursing Theorists and Their Work-E-Book, p.1. Alligood, M.R., 2013.Nursing Theory-E-Book: Utilization Application. Elsevier Health Sciences. Alligood, M.R., 2014.Nursing theorists and their work. Elsevier Health Sciences. Alligood, M.R., Wood, A.F. and Alligood, A.R., 2013. The nature of knowledge needed for nursing practice.Nursing Theory-E-Book: Utilization Application, p.1. Barker, A.M., 2012.Advanced practice nursing. Jones Bartlett Publishers. Chadwick, R. and Gallagher, A., 2016.Ethics and nursing practice. Palgrave Macmillan. Cherry, B. and Jacob, S.R., 2016.Contemporary nursing: Issues, trends, management. Elsevier Health Sciences. Grove, S.K., Burns, N. and Gray, J., 2012.The practice of nursing research: Appraisal, synthesis, and generation of evidence. Elsevier Health Sciences. Howatson-Jones, L., 2016.Reflective practice in nursing. Learning Matters. Im, E.O. and Ju Chang, S., 2012. Current trends in nursing theories.Journal of Nursing Scholarship,44(2), pp.156-164. Joel, L.A., 2017.Advanced practice nursing: Essentials for role development. FA Davis. Kaakinen, J.R., Coehlo, D.P., Steele, R., Tabacco, A. and Hanson, S.M.H., 2014.Family health care nursing: Theory, practice, and research. FA Davis. Lachman, V.D., 2012. Applying the ethics of care to your nursing practice.Medsurg Nursing,21(2), p.112. Masters, K., 2014.Nursing theories: A framework for professional practice. Jones Bartlett Publishers. Masters, K., 2015.Role development in professional nursing practice. Jones Bartlett Publishers. McCabe, C. and Timmins, F., 2013.Communication skills for nursing practice. Palgrave Macmillan. McCormack, B., Manley, K. and Titchen, A. eds., 2013.Practice development in nursing and healthcare. John Wiley Sons. McCrae, N., 2012. Whither Nursing Models? The value of nursing theory in the context of evidence?based practice and multidisciplinary health care.Journal of Advanced Nursing,68(1), pp.222-229. Papathanasiou, I., Sklavou, M. and Kourkouta, L., 2013. Holistic nursing care: theories and perspectives.American Journal of Nursing Science,2(1), pp.1-5. Raingruber, B., 2016.Contemporary health promotion in nursing practice. Jones Bartlett Publishers. Reed, P.G. and Shearer, N.B.C., 2012.Perspectives on nursing theory. Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams Wilkins,. Rice, V.H. ed., 2012.Handbook of stress, coping, and health: Implications for nursing research, theory, and practice. Sage. Rich, K.L., 2013.Philosophies and theories for advanced nursing practice. Jones Bartlett Publishers. Sargent, A., 2012. Reframing caring as discursive practice: a critical review of conceptual analyses of caring in nursing.Nursing Inquiry,19(2), pp.134-143. Scribd.com (2017).Case Study Application of Dorothea Orem's Nursing Theory | Medicine | Wellness. [online] Scribd. Available at: https://www.scribd.com/doc/20791871/Case-Study-Application-of-Dorothea-Orem-s-Nursing-Theory [Accessed 14 Nov. 2017] Smith, M.C. and Parker, M.E., 2015.Nursing theories and nursing practice. FA Davis. Stanhope, M. and Lancaster, J., 2013.Foundations of nursing in the community: Community-oriented practice. Elsevier Health Sciences. Townsend, M.C., 2014.Psychiatric mental health nursing: Concepts of care in evidence-based practice. FA Davis.

Assassination Attempt on Franklin D. Roosevelt

Assassination Attempt on Franklin D. Roosevelt Statistically, being the president of the United States is one of the most dangerous jobs in the world, since four have been assassinated (Abraham Lincoln, James Garfield, William McKinley, and John F. Kennedy). In addition to the presidents that have actually been killed while in office, there have been a myriad of unsuccessful attempts to kill U.S. presidents. One of these happened on February 15, 1933, when  Giuseppe Zangara tried to kill President-elect Franklin D. Roosevelt in Miami, Florida. The Assassination Attempt On February 15, 1933, just over two  weeks before Franklin D. Roosevelt was inaugurated as President of the United States, FDR arrived at the Bayfront Park in Miami, Florida around 9 p.m. to give a speech from the back seat of his light-blue Buick. Around 9:35 p.m., FDR finished his speech and had begun talking to some supporters who had gathered around his car when when five shots rang out. Giuseppe Joe Zangara, an Italian immigrant and unemployed bricklayer, had emptied his .32 caliber pistol at FDR. Shooting from about 25 feet away, Zangara was close enough kill FDR. However, since Zangara was only 51, he couldnt see FDR without climbing up on a wobbly chair in order to see over the crowd. Also, a woman named Lillian Cross, who stood near Zangara in the crowd, claimed to have hit Zangaras hand during the shooting. Whether it was because of bad aim, the wobbly chair, or Mrs. Crosss intervention, all five bullets missed FDR. The bullets, however, did hit bystanders. Four received minor injuries, while Chicagos Mayor Anton Cermak was mortally hit in the stomach. FDR Appears Brave During the whole ordeal, FDR appeared calm, brave, and decisive. While FDRs driver wanted to immediately rush the president-elect to safety, FDR ordered the car to stop and pick up the wounded. On their way to the hospital, FDR cradled Cermaks head on his shoulder, offering calming and comforting words which doctors later reported kept Cermak from going into shock. FDR spent several hours at the hospital, visiting each of the wounded. He came back the following day to check on the patients again. At a time when the United States desperately needed a strong leader, the untested president-elect proved himself strong and reliable in the face of crisis. Newspapers reported on both FDRs actions and demeanor, putting faith in FDR before he even stepped into the presidential office. Why Did Zangara Do It? Joe Zangara was caught immediately and taken into custody. In an interview with officials after the shooting, Zangara stated that he wanted to kill FDR because he blamed FDR and all rich people and capitalists for his chronic stomach pain. At first, a judge sentenced Zangara to 80 years in prison after Zangara pleaded guilty, saying, I kill capitalists because they kill me, stomach like drunk man. No point living. Give me electric chair.* However,  when Cermak died of his wounds on March 6, 1933 (19 days after the shooting and two days after FDRs inauguration), Zangara was charged with first-degree murder and sentenced to death. On March 20, 1933, Zangara strode to  the electric chair  unaided and then plunked himself down. His last words were Pusha da button! *Joe Zangara as quoted in Florence King, A Date Which Should Live in Irony,  The American Spectator  February 1999: 71-72.

You Will Chose The Topic When You Chose The Source Annotated Bibliography

You Will Chose The Topic When You Chose The Source Annotated Bibliography You Will Chose The Topic When You Chose The Source – Annotated Bibliography Example Annotated Bibliography: Obesity Metaphors Barry, Colleen L; Brescoll, Victoria L; Brownell, Kelly D; and Schlesinger, Mark. Obesity Metaphors: How Beliefs about the Causes of Obesity Affect Support for Public Policy. The Milbank Quarterly, Vol. 87, No. 1, pp. 7 – 47. 2009. Print.The authors aimed to determine how using metaphors would affect different perceptions of individuals that greatly influence the design and implementation of policies targeted to reduce obesity rates in the country. Through initially providing an effective academic background on the use of metaphors in various human interactions and behavior, the authors explained its use for reasoning and its important role in forming public opinion regarding the obesity issue. A study was conducted using the â€Å"Yale Rudd Center Public Opinion on Obesity Survey, in late 2006 through early 2007, to examine Americans’ beliefs regarding obesity† (Barry, Brescoll and Brownell 15). With sixteen policies tha t aim to reduce obesity rates, the findings revealed that the effective use of obesity metaphors proved increasing support of governmental policies that aim to reduce the obesity problem.The article was complete in the discussion of the identified topic. It was likewise effectively structured using appropriate sub-headings and a clear and understandable language. Considerable amounts of secondary sources of authoritative references, totaling 45, supported the arguments within the discussed issues. The use of tabular forms in summarizing results summarized the relevant information, as needed by the readers. For instance Table 5 clearly identified and summarized the metaphors explaining support for the 16 explicitly determined obesity policies (Barry, Brescoll and Brownell 35-36). Appropriate limitations for the study were also noted and implications for applicability were presented.The source is therefore very useful for the current study which aims to determine whether the obesity p roblem is actually a reality or just a myth. Through establishing identified metaphors which influence the design of obesity policies, the findings from the study assisted in confirming the current study’s arguments. However, other authoritative references are needed to finally arrive at the required evidence for the study at hand.Barry, Colleen L, et al. "Obesity Metaphors: How Beliefs about the Causes of Obesity Affect Support for Public Policy." The Milbank Quarterly (2009): Vol. 87, No. 1, pp. 7–47. Print.

Business Improvement Districts from public finance perspective and its Research Paper

Business Improvement Districts from public finance perspective and its case study - Research Paper Example There is another type of district similar to Business Improvement District. It is called the Community Benefit District. It is pretty much like Business Improvement District only that property owners have to pay any additional taxes. Business owners do not vote to pay any additional taxes in Community Benefit Districts. In a gist, Business Improvement Districts are very lucrative. They offer services such as cleaning and cleansing of streets, provision of security, capital improvements, streetscape enhancement, pedestrian construction and marketing the area. All aforementioned services are offered to ensure that the district retains its attractiveness. These services are supplemental to those already offered by the municipality. The paper will be a rationale paper discussing Business Improvement Districts in the context of New York city. It will discuss various financing tools and the economic impact created by business districts. Why they are important? Why do they attract attention? Why kind of economic advantage do they bring with them? All these questions will be answered in the context of BIDs of New York. More-over there will be some more insight into un-even service delivery outside the district and eventually there will be a discussion on one district within NYC. That district will be thoroughly district in terms of ways in which it raises money and the services provided by that district. That district will be used as a case in New York City. The economist Magazine projected Business Improvement Districts as â€Å" the best hope for getting parts of America’s cash strapped cities working again† . These districts if properly identified and worked upon give that vicinity a new lease of life and face all together. Business Improvement Districts have attracted tremendous amount of interest. They have triggered a great deal of excitement amongst city governments and urban policy makers world over. They have started looking into Business

Research Paper About The Business And Operations Of Fedex

About The Business And Operations Of Fedex - Research Paper Example In addition to that, FedEx bought Kinko’s in 2004 and rebranded the offering into FedEx Office. With this brand, the company provides office supplies and printing services to consumers including computer use products, USBs, paper, business and greeting cards, stationery, mailing boxes and supplies, etc. b. Role of technology FedEx uses topnotch technology and MIS in everyday business that allows tracking of big and small packages across the globe. With the most advanced telecommunications and computer networks in place, a customer is able to log into the FedEx online website and track the exact location of the shipment and have an accurate understanding of when the product will reach destination. FedEx also offers FedEx Ship Manager at fedex.com, FedEx WorldTM Shipping Software and well staffed call centers (fedex.com) for the help of customers in tracking their shipments. In addition to that, FedEx utilizes advanced software and programs to assist employees in their everyday work and to be more efficient. For corporate clients, the company has innovative products such as Critical Inventory Logistics service through FedEx Supply Chain. c. Product life cycle FedEx is a mature company that has been in business since 1973. FedEx is in the maturity stage, as shown in the diagram1. However, the company has managed through innovation, new product development, increased customer outreach and efficient business practices to expand this cycle with higher sales volume. d. Price elasticities The logistics industry is highly competitive with not only international players such as DHL, FedEx and Maersk but also an abundance of local (domestic) players in various countries. This means high price elasticity for some of FedEx products. In the U.S. market alone, the two biggest players are UPS and FedEx and customers switch between the two based on the product and service prices. e. Substitute products and service The logistics industry is directly related to businesses and consumer demand for their products. A logistics company is run on a huge investment and requires use of infrastructure. The occurrence of FedEx substitutes is limited to competition such as UPS and DHL; there are no real substitute options for logistics companies that can service the customer need satisfactorily. Market trends Economic activity has a direct impact on the demand for logistics and transport. The logistics industry sees a boom when economies are robust and active: businesses have consumer demand for their products and the timely delivery of the products is based on the performance of the transport company. Conversely, a slow or bad economy shows a sluggish demand for logistics services. The economic downturn of 2007 impacted the logistics industry in a negative way. With a recessing global economy, trade slowdown and conservative consumer demand, logistics industry also faced scarce demand. a. Consumer behavior FedEx has individual customers as well as business or corporate customers. Both types of consumers have a few definite needs. They want specialized, customized products that target their specific needs. While creating a customized product for a corporate customer is more feasible and cost effective than creating one

Free

Free Will vs Determinism Essay Socrates: â€Å"May it be that there is substantial reason to believe things are what they are because of what they were? † Nathan: â€Å"So, you too would be describing determinism as the way things will be as a result of how things are and work of natural laws? Socrates: â€Å"Would you agree that this means there is no human freedom of choice or action that was ours to make in the first place? † Nathan: â€Å"No, I would like to believe humanity has the freedom of choice, since our choices are ours in the first place, although they must have an explanation. Socrates: â€Å"Is it possible that every choice may not have an explanation for why something led to specific effects? † Nathan: â€Å"Yes, it is possible, but I would like to think that some situations do not hold explanations. † Socrates: â€Å"Nathan, is there room for acceptance that human choices or situations may be events? † Nathan: â€Å"That would be to say that they are mere objects in time or instantiations of properties in objects. † Socrates: â€Å"Possibly, but wouldn’t that mean they would hold an explanatory cause? Nathan: â€Å"If what you’re asking determines whether or not there is an explanation for why something happened that led to a specific effect, then yes. † Socrates: â€Å"Would you agree that every choice or event would have an explanatory cause? † Nathan: â€Å"Yes, I would like to believe that sometimes some choices or events are random leading to free will. † Socrates: â€Å"Are these human choices or events we speak of the same or are they different? † Nathan: â€Å"I would believe them to be different. Choices are instances of free will through periodic randomness as where events are often reflections of these spoken choices. Hence, they are different. Often choices may lead to an event, but events often lead to choices. † Socrates: â€Å"So you would entertain the idea that explanatory cause is not to be free? † Nathan: â€Å"No, to be free is having the ability to act at will; not under compulsion or restraint. Therefore to be free is merely an individual idea. † Socrates: â€Å"Are these two worlds of free will and determinism able to coexist within the same realm? Nathan: â€Å"Yes, I believe it is possible that a person’s free will may lead them to a point of determinism. This being they make a choice and then in turn that choice leads them to a predetermined point in life. It was just their choice in when or how they arrived there. † Socrates: â€Å"Can there be external determinism and internal free will? † Nathan: â€Å"It is possible that we may have a predetermination, however I believe that at the same time, we are capable of making our own decisions and making our own free choices. Even if these choices may lead to a determined place it is still our own decision on how we may arrive there. Summary I would like to state that I believe it is possible for determinism to exist in a world that is decided by free will even if our life is predetermined. However, just because our life has a determined end it does not conclude that the contents of our lives were without free will. Our choices all have an explanatory cause, even if we would like to think that some choices are made at random. This is, however, just another example that we control our own free will.

Student Roles and Responsibilities for the Master of Counseling Marriag

Student Roles and Responsibilities for the Master of Counseling Marriage, Family and Child Therapy Specialty The student roles and responsibilities of the Masters of Counseling in Marriage, Family and Child Therapy (MCMFCT) at the University of Phoenix are to advance competent and ethical practitioners in family, couple and individual therapy in a variety of settings. By following the program's defined curriculum for professional role development, the successful graduate will be able to provide counseling services "in accordance with the highest ethical and professional standards" (Master of Counseling - Program Handbook, p. 7). To achieve this end, the student must adopt and synthesize the professional and ethical standards of the program into his own academic and personal development. He must develop and demonstrate a broad base of theoretical knowledge and therapeutic skills combined with his own ethical judgment and counseling expertise. The student is responsible for maintaining a grade point average (GPA) of 3.0 or better to indicate a foundation of behavioral and social sciences, developmental theories as well as principles and practices for planning, initiating and evaluating therapeutic roles. In addition, a GPA of 3.0 or better must be maintained in all clinical courses to display excellence in standards and competence as a counseling professional. Failure to maintain the...

Behaviour Modification Approaches In Us Public Schools

The growing need for effective procedures in disciplining and correcting undisciplined students in the US public schools has become nascent nowadays. Behaviour modification is essential in modelling young people who’ll become responsible members of the society. Effectiveness of behaviour modification procedures is seen to reduce deviance and problematic characters in a child.The effectiveness of social skills and social inoculation procedures which have blown out sub-procedures are behaviour modification methodologies whose perspective is to use culture and organizations within the social context to enforce proper moral projections in public schools. Procedures to modify behaviour have transformed from aggressive methodologies like caning, but legislation and physiological research has downplayed the effectiveness and pointed out health implications emanating from these methodologies.Expulsions, suspensions and parental advice and parent-teacher collaboration to enforce, advic e and correct indiscipline in students is an approach which is so far a commonplace practice. The need to understand these procedures, the profundity of their impacts and success in correcting and modifying behaviour in students in the US public schools is paramount and integral in the public school systems. US public schools are having problems implementing various behaviour modification procedures due to various legislation laws.There is also the growing need to identify modalities to tackle the increasing implicit character and behaviours which are negatively affecting other students in these schools. Drug abuse, alcoholism, early sex, smoking, unconventional language and outward ness towards teachers, community and other students are problematic characters seen in the students and need to be modified. This paper explores the various strategies and methodologies employed to modify these problematic behaviours and disciplining students in the US public schools. IntroductionSocial skills and social inoculation procedures have been intensively reviewed as collective and effective behavior modification procedures in public schools. These school-based strategies developed first in smoking prevention and later applied to other substances have been practically admissible due to their approach to teacher-parent and society collaboration to impart and correct irresponsible behavior in students. However, cognitive control methodologies have led to more terse approaches to disciplining and modifying behaviour in students.Suspensions and expulsions have successfully instilled discipline and positive virtues in students. A zero tolerance on indiscipline approach has now become the lead methodology applied in US public schools. Zero tolerance approach as been in force as a proactive approach to a perceived rise in gangs, drugs, and violence in United States public schools and community. Typically, zero tolerance policies mandate predetermined consequences or punishments for specified offense. These policies have been subject to debate as to whether they are effective and whether they have unintended consequences that negatively affect students.This approach has become the principle methodology in US public schools. This behavior modification approach is most often characterized by disciplinary action that punishes all students severely regardless of mitigating factors such as severity of infraction, age, or intent.. However, parents and some legislators often criticize the methodology citing consequential health implications. The need for espousing these procedures is important, especially in this wake of a huge populace in the United States. The multi cultural aspect of the community in which the populace is composed of various communities .i. e. Caucasian, blacks and Whites is troublesome due to dissenting interests and attitudes towards education and moral facade of each student from each community. According to statistics, escalation of moral d ecadency and the overt-ness of sexuality in young people is more of an intricate social quagmire and an intrinsic social problem with wide spread implications on the long term and adverse socio-economic-health implications on family and the public domain. This has been manifested in public schools wherein the behaviours and indiscipline are seen.On substance abuse and violence, teachers in school need to identify the time and place where their students engage in alcoholism. This will help in identifying proper means of creating recreational or rehabilitative timetables for these students. Drug abuse and alcoholic sprees usually happen between 3pm and 7pm (www. samhsa. gov) outside the school compound or homestead, or in the most neglected and limitedly visited areas of these two environments. The most common alcoholic substances abused are beer and spirits (www. samhsa. gov).These escalations In moral problems in students and indulgence in sexual behaviors, violence, disrespectful, bullish, and various problematic characters is increasingly affecting the level of education in American public schools. Research indicate so many youths are now unable to finish schooling due to indulgence in bad morals and problematic activities and subsequently being expelled from school while others drop out in pursuit of these vices. The need to correct and modify these behaviours and arrest any escalation of these problems n the public schools is becoming integral in the education system.Methodologies and approaches are being employed and comprehensively used to counter the situations and model students into responsible young people who are admissible in the modern American society. Besides, identifying problems in students and using the proper counselling and behaviour modification strategy is vital. Problems faced by US public school system regarding students with bad behaviour The problems faced by the public schools onset with dropping out school by students due to their i ndulgence and subsequent immersion in problematic lives like being parents or even going to jail.Secondly, students nowadays have developed various behaviours which are deemed dangerous. There is also a growing trend of students practicing and exhibiting immoral projections which do not reflect respect of upright morals and behaviours and are deemed disrespectful. According to research conducted in Baltimore, the following are the problems faced in US public schools (Brecht Donoghue , 2004) †¢ Possession, use or distribution of tobacco on school property †¢ Disruptive behavior †¢ Verbal harassment †¢ Possession of drugs or alcohol †¢ Possession of weapons or firearms †¢ Arson†¢ Vandalizing, damaging, defacing, or destroying school property †¢ Violent behaviors/assaults, vicious fighting †¢ Extortion, coercion, blackmail, and robbery †¢ Trespassing †¢ Damaging property †¢ Insubordination †¢ Dress code violations †¢ Cheating/copying the work of another †¢ Fighting †¢ Possession of electronic devices (e. g. , beepers, cell phones) †¢ Sexual harassment †¢ Sexual misconduct †¢ Verbal abuse, ethnic slurs, vulgar statements or gestures, including the distribution of obscene material †¢ Misbehavior on bus or school transportation †¢ Disorderly conduct †¢ Gambling†¢ Assault on school staff Behavior intervention approaches Frank M. Gresham (2004), argues that Behavioral interventions is conceptualized using four broad theoretical categories: (a) applied behavior analysis, (b) social learning theory, (c) cognitive behavior therapy, and (d) neobehavioristic S-R theory (Powers & Franks, 1988). Applied behavior analysis (ABA) descends directly from Skinner's (1953) operant conditioning work and is based on the three-term contingency that describes the functional relationship between antecedents, behaviors, and consequences (Gresham, 2004).Social cognitive theor y utilizes the concept of vicarious learning and the role of cognitive mediation processes in determining which environmental events are attended to, retained, and subsequently performed when an individual is exposed to modeling stimuli (Gresham, 2004 pp 327). Social learning theory is based on the notion of reciprocal determinism that describes the role an individual's behavior has on changing the environment and vice versa (Bandura, 1986). Much of the work in social skills interventions utilizes modeling as an essential treatment strategy (Elliott & Gresham, 1991; Gresham, 2002).Cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) assumes that an individual's behavior in response to environmental events is mediated by their cognitions or thoughts (327). The goal of CBT is to change maladaptive cognitions that, in turn, lead to changes in behavior. Techniques such as self-instruction, self evaluation, correction of maladaptive self talk, and problem solving are used in CBT to change behavior (Kendall, 1985). CBT interventions are commonly used in the clinical treatment of anxiety and mood (depression, dysthymia) problems (Kazdin, 1990; Laurent & Potter, 1998).Neo-behavioristic S-R models are based on features of classical (respondent) conditioning and avoidance learning in which maladaptive responses are conditioned to stimuli in the environment (Gresham pp 327). Procedures such as systematic desensitization and exposure based treatments (e. g. , flooding, implosion) for treating anxiety disorders and obsessive-compulsive disorders are based on these S-R models of learning. These concepts have been dissected into simplistic approaches by school experts and education stakeholders.They have been incorporated in the public school behavior correction faculties as methodologies whose effectiveness varies with the level of behavior intricacy and extent of effect on the respect and view by the teachers Behaviour modification methodologies used to correct this indiscipline Various moder n approaches to these problems are in place. Teacher intervention techniques as well as school rules modification approaches are also in force. These approaches differ with effectiveness and time frame of implementation. Expulsions, suspensions, caning are commonplace.They compose the zero tolerance methodology which is the common practice used in public schools. Drugs, alcoholism, language and violence are approached as cases which need to be addressed cognitively. Teacher intervention methods revolve around counselling and participating in initiating good behaviour and positive perceptions in the students who have these problematic behaviours. School teacher intervention The creation of a positive social interaction environment in a friendly and unrestrictive atmosphere offers the proper environment for the teacher to address the problem.This kind of environment greatly increases recovery. It’s aimed at improving collective social behavior so as to inspire and correct the s tudents. The school counselor should counsel the students, encourage them to share their problems, initiate recreational activities like playing chess, bridge, and other in-house games (Ken & David 2007). Through a cognitive-control system the teacher manifests self analysis, self recognition, and self help so as to regulate behavior. It involves reading materials wherein the teen reads her problem and follows a set of procedures like, playing with her pet, watching an inspiring video, etc.The procedure is used in the environment created by the school teacher (above). The objective of the method is to create competing system within the brain and make adolescents lessen brain capacity to want physical engagement with substances. A school counselor should address the teen alcohol problem through an educative perspective; He gives complete clinical views on use and abuse of substances and comprehensively emphasizes the importance of the context (David Masci,, 2000). This perspective sc ope is on teenage cases who are supposed to actively attend and play roles in the education and during the classes.The concept is to keep these teens safe from alcohol and to stop substance abuse. The school counselor should give social and drug life education to enable teenagers to make responsible decisions by providing honest information. Secondly, the student should emphatically give a complete clinical and legal overview of implications of both on substance abusers to discourage the teens from excessive or partial indulgence. The counselor is also supposed to advise the students to understand their place in the society and their future as citizens in the educative approach (Flannery, 2007).After-school programs Students tend to have various social networks where they interact. The school counselor should integrate these networks as extracurricular activities by allocating time to be with the students. According to research, drug abuse takes place mostly after school and evening hours as stated above (Bachman, Johnston & O’Malley 1990). A school counselor is involved in participating, and listening to what students express and how they relate with their peers. In a group setting, he encourages the students to speak freely, express their views, thoughts, ideas, and perspectives.He intervenes only while asking them why they feel or think a certain way, then offer his support. Students can have a friend or family member participate in order to improve the advice being offered. The setting is a homely, conducive, and well equipped with internet and all communication tools to help these students research their problem with guidance from the school counselor. This is a very effective method and creates a backbone for the gradual and even instant ceasing of alcohol habits.According to (Rosenbaum, 2003), the after school programs form the basis of a communal approach to the problem. The students are able to understand their problem through guidance. If a st udent’s drug use becomes a problem, the after-school drop-in program enables her to make informal contact with a professional, even if she is not ready for formal treatment. If problems escalate, a referral to the appropriate agency can be made (Rosenbaum 2003). Peer mediation Education experts also suggest providing opportunities for students to become more engaged in school activities.Adopting strategies that include students in the discipline process, including peer mediation and mentoring, may assist violence prevention efforts. In peer mediation, students are encouraged to sit down with a trained student mediator (often accompanied by an adult) and resolve their differences through dialogue. In many cases problems that would otherwise escalate can be resolved through mediation. However, if the problem is not solved, students may be required to meet with an adult or older student mentor once a week for further mediation and mentoring until all parties agree that the issue is resolved.Approaching the student’s problem to foster an understanding that the student is capable of excelling in all aspects of life if he/she desists from substance abuse is helpful. The school counselor should as often as possible make groups which consist of most disciplined students to act as the role models. These role model groups actively integrate with other groups and incorporate the students who have drug problems. This makes these students sociable and gradually makes them feel acceptable in these groups and most important, desists from substance abuse due to the moral aspect of the group personality status.Zero tolerance methodology These policies mandate predetermined consequences or punishments for specified offenses, especially those deemed very criminal in terms of the age and environment they are committed. Sex, drugs, violence, assault on a student, teacher, damaging school property and related cases are approached through the zero tolerance approach. T he methodology is related to substantial drop in school crimes and is common practice (Ronnie Casella, 2000). Zero tolerance is a policy that mandates predetermined consequences or punishments for specified offenses.It is intended to deter student misconduct by weeding out potential troublemakers and setting an example to others who might choose to misbehave, zero tolerance policies are most often characterized by a variety of high-tech detection methods (such as metal detectors and video surveillance) and strict discipline policies that punish all offenses equally severely without consideration of mitigating factors, such as the severity of the infraction or the intent or age of the individual (Russell Skiba, 2000.In most cases, these policies mandate that perpetrators be subject to school exclusion disciplinary actions ranging from suspensions and expulsions to arrest by in-school police (Brecht Donoghue , 2004). Great results have been seen through this methodology, however, its harsh aspects and the suspension of the student affects the educational background of a student (V. K. Costenbacher and S. Markson, 1994). Proponents of zero tolerance argue that these policies are needed to remove disruptive elements from the classroom and keep schools free of violence.Zero tolerance is implemented in cases where the student exhibits behaviors which are deemed too harsh to be contained in the school (C. Bowditch, 1993) . School student communities approach Public school administrations espouse building a sense of community within the school has been effective at preventing violence (Russell Skiba, 2000), because students are held accountable by their peers for harm they cause. Public school administrations adopted a community model in which students rectify their mistakes whenever possible.In schools these communities institute pee juries or teen courts in which students accused of misbehavior must appear before a jury composed of fellow students. The accused stude nt must explain his or her misbehavior to the jury, and then the jury is responsible for communicating to the student how the behavior violated the rules of the school community and develop an appropriate consequence (Brecht Donoghue , 2004). The student’s sentence is not punitive, but rather an attempt to reintegrate the student into the school community.Most often, the student is required to make restitution for his or her action and engage in some type of community service Decision-making and problem-solving This approach emphasizes the development of cognitive and behavioral skills which are flexible and not situation-specific. On a cognitive level, students are taught decision-making and problem-solving techniques which will better prepare them to avoid peer pressure situations without alienating friends. Students are also taught specific self-instruction techniques that are designed to provide them with a framework for guiding themselves through high-risk situations.Fin ally, students are taught basic interpersonal skills designed to enable them to implement specific decisions or act in a way which is consistent with what they want (Catherine S. Bell and Robert J. Battjes, 1984). Other measures used in US public schools Schools’ use of programmatic prevention efforts, such as conflict resolution and behavior management, help prevent student violence and aggression and eliminate the need for harsh disciplinary action (David Masci, 2000).Conflict resolution has a moderate effect on the level of student aggression in schools, and helps students remember and employ alternatives to violence when solving conflict. More support and training in classroom management of behavioral problems helps teachers deescalate potentially violent situations. Expansion of training for principals and teachers in the development and implementation of behavioral management programs to help them learn strategies useful in deescalating potentially violent interactions. This has helped more of the teachers in the public schools to have more efficiency and capacity in Expansion of violence prevention programs in schools accelerates awareness and proficiency in recognition of faulty behaviors. Introduction of school counselors in public schools is becoming a very effective methodology. As seen in the teacher intervention methodology, through a cognitive-control system the teacher manifests self analysis, self recognition, and self help so as to regulate behavior. This will help address the decline on the learned youths which is adversely affecting the social balance.More Hispanic youths, especially males, is on the declines. The effects on the society are more poor families, crime rate increase and joblessness. The long term effect is a social imbalance with Blacks and Hispanics as well as other immigrants joining the lesser society and the poor Americans. A steady decline on stable families and the many unlearned and jobless children is affecting th e national economic stability. Subsequently there will be more children, the poor and the aged in the population that the stable workers (Sandra Yin, 2007).Parents and social involvement in correction of behaviour The role of parents in behavior modification is the most integral in the public school behavior modification approaches. The parents and community members have been involved in contributing as the guardians of proper social behaviors in the community. The counselor involves concepts of capacity building and establishment of more positive youth groups so as to build on youths’ strengths. This is through advising on developing positive mental attitude towards their abilities in education and entrepreneurship.The teacher invites the community to lead in playing a role of advisors while he is the active leader. These community members and the school counselors have the obligation to present appropriate role-models and opportunities for remediation for young people growi ng up in the school community. The message to young adults and their peers must be that they understand the dangers of substance abuse and make appropriate choices when confronted with opportunities of drug use (David Masci, 2000).In expulsions and suspensions, parents are involved in these decisions which are seen more punitive and applicable as ways to correct bad morals projected by students. Effective parenting onsets good behavior and structures long term proper characters in children. This proper behaviors and morals are carried to schools where these children meet children with different characters and up-bringing. Parenting skills have led to development of approaches to train parents in skills seen as necessary for a harmonious parent-child relationship and for the amelioration of a number of childhood problem (Pinsker & Geoffroy, 1981).Parents with skills and knowledge about effective parenting have been able to address and reduce deviant child behaviours. This has also le d to harmonisation of family and school perceptions in these children. School administrators have been approaching parents to attend as often ass possible school based behaviour modification approaches to arm the parents with enough knowledge on how to manage their children and the implications of immoral and indiscipline in school. The approach has been to intensify the knowledge of parents and their capacity on how to be proficient in behaviour modification.Parents have increased their capacity in communication when discussing and reprimanding their children who show immoral characters and problematic behaviours. The public schools administrators and stakeholders have emphasised on parents to learn more effective means of dealing with typical parent-child relationship conflicts and develop a healthier parent-child relationship. Behaviour modification approach contains an emphasis on direct behaviour aims at direct behaviour change. Parent’s capacity to modify inappropriate behaviours is emphasised so as to arrest these problematic problems.Parent’s capacity, based on the training attained and knowledge imparted in the school administrators, is aimed at making the communication approach of the parents to aim at focussing upon maladaptive communication patterns between parent and child that are seen as the cause of inappropriate child behaviour (Pinsker & Geoffroy, 1981). Impact of bad behaviour on good students The impact of the bad behaviour in the well behaved children in schools negatively impacts on those students who have good moral back grounds.The consequence of these impacts are unsafe learning environments, exposure to smoking, drugs and other problems portrayed by the bad students. The students are intimidated and coerced so as to identify with these students. These impacts result to poor academic performance and profound moral decadency in the schools. Safety and correction to reduce harm and to reconstitute behavior and perception in the teens is important. The school counselor can actively and consistently provide extra attention and consideration to the teens with the problem and follow up their recovery.The impacts of bullying and coercion lead to traumas and children seeking to leave these schools due to intimidations by these problematic students. Sources Bandura, A. (1986). Social foundations of thought and actions: A social cognitive theory. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice-Hall. Barbra Flannery, (2007) International Research Institute, Baltimore Brecht Donoghue, (2004): Zero Tolerance in Baltimore C. Bowditch(1993), â€Å"Getting Rid of Troublemakers: High School Disciplinary Procedures and the Production of Dropouts,† Social Problems, Vol. 40,(David Masci,, 2000) â€Å"Preventing Teen Drug Use: Is the Get-Tough Approach Effective? † Congressional Quarterly, Vol. 12, No. 10 Frank M. Gresham (2004) Current Status and Future Directions of School-Based Behavioral Interventions; School Psychol ogy Review, Volume 33, No. 3, pp. 326-343 Sandra Yin: http://www. prb. org/Articles/2006/TheUnitedStatesat300Million. aspx Hser, Y-I. ; Grille, C. E. ; Hubbard, R. L. ; et al (2002). An evaluation of drug treatment for adolescents in four U. S. cities: Archives of General Psychiatry; Volume 17, pp 1 (J. G. Bachman, L. D. Johnston and P.M. O’Malley 1990), â€Å"Explaining the Recent Decline in Cocaine use Among Young Adults: Further Evidence That Perceived Risks and Disapproval Lead to Reduced Drug use: Journal of Health and Human Social Behavior 31. 2 (1990): 173-184 (Ken & David 2007), Social-economic decline due to substance abuse by teens: An intelligence approach to teen physiology through counter brain measures. Goldman Intelligence, Nairobi p1-5 Mark Pinsker, Kevin Geoffroy (1981): A Comparison of Parent Effectiveness Training and Behaviour Modification Parent Training ,Family Relations, Vol.30, No. pp. 61-68 M. Rosenbaum, â€Å"‘Just Say No’ Wins Few Poi nts with Ravers,† Los Angeles Times, 31 Jan. 2001: A13. M. Rosenbaum (2003) Safety first: A reality based approach to teen’s drugs and drug education. Drug Policy Alliance www. safety1st. org Russell Skiba (2000), Zero Tolerance, Zero Evidence, Policy Research Report #SRS2, Indiana Research Center, Ronnie Casella (2000), â€Å"Zero Tolerance Policy in Schools: Rationale, Consequences, and Alternatives,† Teachers College Record, Vol. 105, Texas drug and rehabilitation center U. S.Census Bureau, Current Population Survey, 2006 Annual Social and Economic Supplement, accessed online at www. census. gov, on Sept. 15, 2006 US Department of Education: Findings from the school survey on crime and Safety: (2006) U. S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES: Public Health Service †¢ Alcohol, Drug Abuse, and Mental Health Administration: Prevention Research: Deterring Drug Abuse among Children and Adolescents (2004) V. K. Costenbacher and S. Markson (1994), â€Å"Sch ool Suspension: A Survey of Current Policies and Practices,† NAASP Bulletin, No. 78 http://www. drugfree. org www. samhas. gov www. nida. nih. gov